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Toddy palm
 | Look up toddy palm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Toddy palm is a common name for several species of palms used to produce palm wine. Species so used and named include:
- Borassus flabellifer, native to South and Southeast Asia, in the Indomalaya ecozone. It is a palm tree, one of the Sugar palm group, found from Indonesia to Pakistan
- Caryota, a genus of palm trees
- Cocos nucifera
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Palm wine
Palm wine also called kallu (Telugu: తెలుగు,Tamil: கள்ளு, Malayalam: കള്ള്), palm toddy, or simply toddy (Hindi: ताड़ी), is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra, date palms and coconut palms.[1][not in citation given]
This drink is common in various parts of Asia and Africa, and goes by various names, such as emu and oguro in Nigeria, nsamba in Democratic Republic of the Congo, nsafufuo in Ghana,[2] kallu in South India, matango in Cameroon, tuak in North Sumatra, Indonesia, mnazi in Mijikenda, Kenya goribon (Rungus) in Sabah, Borneo, and tuba in the Philippines, Borneo and Mexico. In the Philippines, tubâ refers both to the freshly harvested sweetish sap and the one with the red lauan-tree tan bark colorant. In Leyte, the red tuba is aged for up to one to two years such that an echoing ring is made when a glass container is tapped[clarification needed]; this type of tubâ is called bahalina. Toddy is also consumed in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
On the one hand, production of palm wine may have contributed to the endangered status of some palm species such as the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis).[3] On the other hand, palm wine production by small holders and individual farmers may promote conservation as palm trees become a source of regular household income that may economically be worth more than the value of timber sold.[4]
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. Typically the sap is collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet and non-alcoholic before it is fermented. An alternate method is the felling of the entire tree. Where this is practiced, a fire is sometimes lit at the cut end to facilitate the collection of sap. Palm wine tapping is mentioned in the novel Things Fall Apart by the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe and is central to the plot of the groundbreaking novel The Palm Wine Drinkard by Nigerian author Amos Tutuola.
In parts of India, the unfermented sap is called neera (padaneer in Tamil Nadu) and is refrigerated, stored and distributed by semi-government agencies. A little lime is added to the sap to prevent it from fermenting. Neera is said to contain many nutrients including potash. Palm sap begins fermenting immediately after collection, due to natural yeasts in the pores of pot and air (often spurred by residual yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation yields an aromatic wine of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly intoxicating and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, to yield a stronger, more sour and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces vinegar instead of stronger wine.[5]
In Africa, the sap used to create palm wine is most often taken from wild datepalms such as the silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), the palmyra, and the jaggery palm (Caryota urens), or from oil palm such as the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineense) or from Raffia palms, kithul palms, or nipa palms. In India and South Asia, coconut palms and Palmyra palms such as the Arecaceae and Borassus are preferred. In southern Africa, palm wine (ubusulu) is produced in Maputaland, an area in the south of Mozambique between the Lobombo mountains and the Indian Ocean. It is mainly produced from the lala palm (Hyphaene coriacea) by cutting the stem and collecting the sap. In part of central and western Democratic Republic of the Congo, palm wine is called malafu. There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern DRC. From the oil palm comes ngasi, dibondo comes from the raffia palm, cocoti from the coconut palm, and mahusu from a short palm which grows in the savannah areas of western Bandundu and Kasai provinces.
In Tuvalu, the process of making toddy can clearly be seen with tapped palm trees that line Funafuti International Airport.
In some areas of India, palm wine is evaporated to produce the unrefined sugar called jaggery.
Distilled
Palm wine may be distilled to create a stronger drink, which goes by different names depending on the region (e.g., arrack, village gin, charayam, and country whiskey). Throughout Nigeria, this is commonly called ogogoro. In parts of southern Ghana distilled palm wine is called akpeteshi or burukutu. In Togo and Benin it is called sodabe, in the Philippines it is called lambanog, while in Tunisia it is called Lagmi.
Social role
In India, palm wine or toddy is served as either neera or padaneer (a sweet, non-alcoholic beverage derived from fresh sap) or kallu (a sour beverage made from fermented sap, but not as strong as wine).[6] Kallu is usually drunk soon after fermentation by the end of day, as it becomes more sour and acidic day by day. The drink, like vinegar in taste, is considered to have a short shelf life.[clarification needed] However, it may be refrigerated to extend its life. Spices are added in order to brew the drink and give it its distinct taste.
In Karnataka, India, palm wine is usually available at toddy shops (known as Kallu Kadai in [Tamil], Kalitha Gadang in Tulu, Kallu Dukanam in Telugu, Kallu Angadi in Kannada or "Liquor Shop" in English). In Tamil Nadu, this beverage is currently banned, though the legality fluctuates with politics. In the absence of legal toddy, moonshine distillers of arrack often sell methanol-contaminated alcohol, which can have lethal consequences. To discourage this practice, authorities have pushed for inexpensive "Indian Made Foreign Liquor" (IMFL), much to the dismay of toddy tappers.[citation needed]
In the state of Andhra Pradesh (India), toddy is a popular drink in rural parts. The kallu is collected, distributed and sold by the people of a particular caste called Settibalija or Goud or Gamalla (Goundla).[citation needed] It is a big business in the cities of those districts.[citation needed] In villages, people drink it every day after work.[citation needed]
There are two main types of kallu in Andhra Pradesh, namely Thadi Kallu (from Toddy Palmyra trees) and Eetha Kallu (from silver date palms). Eetha Kallu is very sweet and less intoxicating, whereas Thati Kallu is stronger (sweet in the morning, becoming sour to bitter-sour in the evening) and is highly intoxicating. People enjoy kallu right at the trees where it is brought down. They drink out of leaves by holding them to their mouths while the Goud pours the kallu from the binki (kallu pot). There are different types of toddy (kallu) according to the season: 1. poddathadu, 2. parpudthadu, 3. pandudthadu, and 4. mogadthadu.
Palm wine plays an important role in many ceremonies in parts of Nigeria such as among the Igbo (or Ibo) peoples, and elsewhere in central and western Africa. Guests at weddings, birth celebrations, and funeral wakes are served generous quantities. Palm wine is often infused with medicinal herbs to remedy a wide variety of physical complaints. As a token of respect to deceased ancestors, many drinking sessions begin with a small amount of palm wine spilled on the ground (Kulosa malafu in Kikongo ya Leta). Palm wine is enjoyed by men and women, although women usually drink it in less public venues.
In some parts of the Eastern Nigeria, the Igbo Land, Palm wine is called "Nkwu Elu" or "Mmanya Ocha" (white drink). For instance, in "Urualla" and other "ideator" towns, It's used for traditional wedding. A young man who's going for the first introduction at his inlaws is required to come with Palm wine. There are specific galons of palm wine required. it all depends on the custom of the various towns in some parts of the Igbo Land.
Culinary use
In the Indian state of Kerala, toddy is used in leavening (as a substitute for yeast) a local form of hopper called the vellai Appam. Toddy is mixed with rice dough and left over night to aid in fermentation and expansion of the dough causing the dough to rise overnight, making the bread soft when prepared. In Kerala, toddy is sold under a licence issued by the excise department and it is an industry having more than 50,000 employees with a welfare board under the labour department. It is also used in the preparation of a soft variety of Sanna, which is famous in the parts of Karnataka and Goa in India.
Consumption by animals
Some small pollinating mammals consume large amounts of fermented palm nectar as part of their diet, especially the southeast Asian pen-tailed treeshrew. The inflorescences of the bertam palm contain populations of yeast which ferment the nectar in the flowers to up to 3.8% alcohol (average: 0.6%). The treeshrews metabolize the alcohol very efficiently and do not appear to become drunk from the fermented nectar.[7]
Names
There are a variety of regional names for Palm wine:
| State / Territory / Region | Name used |
|---|---|
 Bangladesh | তাড়ি taṛi, তাড়ু taṛu, tuak[8] |
 Cambodia | Tuk tnout choo[9] |
 Cameroon | mimbo,[10] matango, mbuh |
 People's Republic of China | 棕榈酒 (pronounced- zōng lǘ jiǔ)[11] |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo | malafu ya ngasi (Kikongo), masanga ya mbila (Lingala), vin de palme |
 Gabon | toutou |
 Gambia | singer |
 Ghana | doka, nsafufuo, palm wine, yabra, dεha (pronounced der 'ha) |
 Guam | tuba |
 India | (Tamil -கள்ளு-kallu) Kallu(കള്ള് - Kerala ), kali (Tulu speaking region of karnataka and kerala), kaLLu-ಕಳ್ಳು(Karnataka), Thati kallu తాటి కల్లు (Andhra Pradesh), Tadi (Bihar and Assam), Tãḍi (ତାଡ଼ି) (Odisha), Taadi (Marathi), toddy,tuak,[8] Tari, neera, তাড়ি/তাড়ু taṛi/taṛu (West Bengal), Tadi (Charwada|Rola ) |
 Indonesia | arak,[8] tuak in Indonesia. Especially in Batak region, North Sumatra, where the traditional bar serving tuak called lapo tuak. In South Sulawesi (especially in Tana Toraja) it is called ballo', and in North Sulawesi saguer. |
 Kenya | Mnazi |
 Kiribati | Karawe |
 Libya | lāgbi [ˈlaːɡbi]. Used for both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic form. |
 Mali | bandji, sibiji, chimichama |
 Malaysia | kallu (கள்ளு), nira (Malay for fresh juice obtained from the blossom of the coconut, palm or sugar-palm, which can be made into sugar or the said palm wine, which is called tuak[8] in Sarawak), toddy (English), bahar (Kadazan/Dusun), goribon (Rungus) |
 Maldives | Dhoaraa, Rukuraa, Meeraa |
 Myanmar | htan yay |
 Mexico | tuba (garnished with peanuts), originated from the Philippines |
 Namibia | omulunga, palm-wine |
 Nigeria | Palm-wine, Palmy, Ukọt nsuñ, Mmin efik, Emu, Oguro, Tombo liquor, Mmanya ngwo, Nkwu enu, Nkwu Ocha. |
 Papua New Guinea | segero, tuak |
 Philippines | tubâ,soom,[8] lambanog (distilled tubâ), bahal (Visaya) |
 South Africa | ubusulu |
 Seychelles | kalou |
 Sierra Leone | poyo |
 Sri Lanka | Raa(Sinhala), kallu(Tamil), panam culloo[8] |
 Thailand | kache, namtanmao |
 Timor-Leste | tuaka and tua mutin, brandy is called tua sabu |
 Tuvalu | kaleve (unfermented), kao (fermented), or in English, toddy (unfermented), sour toddy (fermented) |
 Vietnam | rượu dừa;[8] ruou dua ; coconut wine |
 Algeria /  Tunisia | lāgmi [ˈlaːɡmi]. Used for both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic form |
a Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.
b Marathi.
See also
- Palm-wine music, a West African musical genre.
- Tuak, an alcoholic beverage made of fermented rice, yeast and sugar.
- Madurai Veeran, a deity who consumes toddy.
- Sree Muthappan, another deity who consumes toddy.
References
Notes
- ^ Rundel, Philip W. The Chilean Wine Palm in the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden Newsletter, Fall 2002, Volume 5(4). Retrieved 2008-08-31
- ^ Toddy and Palm Wine – Practical Answers on the Practical Action website. Retrieved 2008-08-31
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
- ^ Confirel:Sugar Palm Tree - Conservation of natural heritage retrieved on 15 April 2012
- ^ Fermented and vegetables. A global perspective. Chapter 4
- ^ Toddy/Kallu and Neera/Padhaneer
- ^ Frank Wiens, Annette Zitzmann, Marc-André Lachance, Michel Yegles, Fritz Pragst, Friedrich M. Wurst, Dietrich von Holst, Saw Leng Guan, and Rainer Spanagel. Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Published online before print 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2008-08-25
- ^ a b c d e f g "MiniReview- Popular fermented foods and beverages in Southeast Asia". International Food Research Journal (18). 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ Gnarfgnarf:Palm wine, rice wine, grape wine, beers and other drinks and beverages of Cambodia, 9 April 2012, retrieved on 15 April 2012
- ^ Anchimbe - Creating New Names for Common Things in Cameroon English (I-TESL-J)
- ^ "English-Chinese Translation of "palm wine"". Websaru Dictionary. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Neera
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2012) |
Neera, also called sweet toddy or palm nectar, is a sap extracted generally before sunrise from the inflorescence of various species of toddy palms and used to quench thirst.[1] It should not be confused with the juice made from palm fruit. Neera is sweet, oyster white in colour, translucent, high in nutrititional value, and susceptible to natural fermentation at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction. Once fermented, Neera becomes toddy. Neera is widely consumed in India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Myanmar.
The drink is popular on account of its high nutritive value, delicious taste and agreeable flavor. Its production requires neither mechanical crushing, as in the case of sugarcane, nor leaching, like beet-root; it is obtained by slicing the spathes of the coconut, sago, and Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer L.) palm, and scraping the tendermost part, just below the crown.
Composition
Neera is rich in carbohydrates, mostly sucrose, and has a nearly neutral pH.[2] It has a specific gravity ranging from 1.058 to 1.077.
The chemical percentage composition of neera varies, depending on such factors as place, type of palm, mode and season of collection. Typical values are:[3]
| Substance | Concentration (g/100 mL) |
|---|---|
| Sucrose | 12.3 - 17.4 |
| Total ash | 0.11 - 0.41 |
| Protein | 0.23 - 0.32 |
| Ascorbic acid | 0.016 - 0.030 |
| Total solids | 15.2 - 19.7 |
Neera contains a number of minerals and salts and is high in protein. It contains ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid and riboflavin.[4]
Fermentation
Neera is highly susceptible to natural fermentation at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction from the palm source. Once fermented, it transforms into toddy with 4% alcohol.
Using several technologies developed by various research institutes, neera is processed and preserved in its natural form to retain the vitamins, sugar, and other nutrients beneficial for health. To extend the shelf life of neera, heat preservation techniques such as pasteurization are used.[3]
A special filtration technique to enhance the shelf life of neera was developed by the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India.[5] Technologies for the preservation and processing of neera were also developed by the Central Food Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India.[6]
By-products
Neera syrup is produced by heating fresh neera and concentrating it into a syrup. It is used as a health drink in connection with Ayurveda and other systems of medicine.[2]
Other by-products include jaggery,[7] sugar,[8] candy,[9] and chocolate.[citation needed]
In India
- In Kutch, Gujrat, neera is made available through various outlets at Ifco Gate, Gadhi Market, Charso Quarters, Bank circle, and Gopalpuri gate in Gandhidham, and it is also available at Jubili ground, Kutchmitra circle, Nr Reliance mall, Civil hospital gate, RTO circle in Bhuj, and the garden of Anjar through Hampur Gruh Udyog, Surendrnagar. Neera-producing societies have formed the Federation of Gujarat Neera & Tadpadarth. Gramodyog Sangh has set up a filtration plant that processes neera to increase its shelf life, though there have been reports of unsatisfactory results.
- In Maharastra and Gujarat, neera is made available through various outlets known as "Neera Vikri Kendra" (Neera sale centre). The Neera Palm Product Cooperative Society had set up small green kiosks that sold neera in major railway stations, but they are now only to be found alongside highways and expressways outside the Mumbai city area.[4] The neera is extracted from palms of the Bhandari variety of trees.[10]
- In Andhra Pradesh state, neera is extracted and sold by the Goud caste. Unlike other states, there is no state government sponsorship/support to promote neera or its by-products at retail outlets. Only the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) promotes neera as a health drink.[4]
- In Karnataka state, neera is extracted and sold by the Ediga and Billava castes. The state government constituted the Neera Board, comprising farmers, provincial government officials and neera training institutes, to inspect and control the quality of neera and its products, give approvals to labels, and develop various schemes for selling in the international market. The Central Food Technological Research Institute developed a technology to preserve neera for two months, and the government plans to promote neera as an energy drink with medicinal value, packaged in sachets and bottles.[6]
- In Kerala, neera is extracted and sold by sections of the Ezhava caste, the Oorali Nairs, the Maniyanis, and tribal and scheduled communities. The state government, as part of Kerala Vision 2010, set up three units to manufacture neera.[11]
- In Tamilnadu, neera which is called as "Padaneer" in Tamil, is traditionally extracted and sold by the Nadar caste. Also, KVIC and Tamil Nadu Palm Products Co-operative association sell refrigerated Padaneer at their outlets.
- In Orissa state, the state government established a cooperative organisation known as the Orissa State Palmgur Cooperative Federation to provide technological support in the processing and production of neera and its associated by-products such as jaggery and candy.[12]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-chief-gives-marketing-tips-to-toddy-tappers/article4511798.ece
- ^ a b "Neera Board in Karnataka supports marketing". FoodIndustryIndia.com. May 21, 2007.
- ^ a b "Preserved Coconut Sap". Defence Research and Development Organisation. April 2005.
- ^ a b c "Neera comes to rescue of toddy-tappers". The Hindu. June 30, 2005.
- ^ "Neera, palm tree juice that could go Amul way". Indo-Asian News Service. May 17, 2008.
- ^ a b "`Neera' to be promoted as nutritious energy drink". The Hindu. May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Jaggery (Gur, Bellam) ~ Sugarcane and Palm". Mahanandi. November 26, 2006.
- ^ "Palm Sugar". Encyclopedia of Asian Food. 1998.
- ^ "Palm Candy". Acex Solutions. 2006.
- ^ "Getting A Kick Out Of Toddy!". Upper Crust.
- ^ "Kerala Govt to set up three units for `Neera'". The Hindu Business Line. February 26, 2006.
- ^ "Our Profile". ORISSA RAJYA TALGUR SAMABAYA SANGHA LTD.
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bhai,
ni produk baru anak mamak kutty di samping produk utama, San Miguel. fokus untuk kaum dia je. seswai gitew.....
eh, rasanya tanda halal jakim tak diperlukan tuk produk ni. alah, san miguel takde halal pun, elok je dia pegang syer besar.
Wah Bhai lu berbuka dengan Toddy ka hahaha..
Dulu orang india buat toddy (dari kelapa) secara kecil-kecilan tak sangka sekarang Cina sudah majukan industri toddi nih.. siap pack elok dalam tin lagi nih hahaha..
Bhai/DeeDee Anonymous...
Hahaha... baru gua tau yang ini produk sampingan San Miguel... Hahaha.... Terbaek...
Idak la gua nak berbuka dengan Toddy nih.... tak sanggup gua... dengan Air Tuak (kat Kelantan) tue pon gua tak minum... aper lagi dengan ini Toddy.. hahaha
Toddy dah komersial la nih... hahaha
toddy palm uurnal ladey ;) amak ! ABU jangan lupa !