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NEW RESOURCE: Amnesty International Issues Lethal Injection Report
A new report released by Amnesty International, Execution by lethal injection - a quarter century of state poisoning, calls on medical professionals to refuse to participate in executions and details ongoing concerns about current lethal injection protocols that could result in inmates feeling excruciating pain during their executions. "Governments are putting doctors and nurses in an impossible position by asking them to do something that goes against their ethical oath. ... Medical professionals are trained to work for patients' well-being, not to participate in executions ordered by the state. The simplest way of resolving the ethical dilemmas posed by using doctors and nurses to kill is by abolishing the death penalty," said Jim Welsh, Amnesty International's Health and Human Rights coordinator.
In addition to providing a thorough review of the lethal injections issue, the report details botched executions that were not performed by trained medical personnel. It also examines the three-drug lethal injection cocktail that includes sodium pentothal (an anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (a paralytic agent), and potassium chloride (stops the heart and causes death). Almost all states use the same 3-drug combination for lethal injections. Medical professionals and organizations have raised concerns that inmates are not fully unconscious when given drugs to stop the heart and lungs, a problem that could result in excruciating pain. The inmate would not be able to indicate pain due to the second drug that paralyses the muscles. Amnesty notes that these same drugs were once used by veterinary surgeons on animals for euthanasia, but now are prohibited for use on cats and dogs because of the potential pain they might cause.
"There is a global consensus within the medical profession that the involvement of health professionals in carrying out an execution, particularly by a method using the technology and knowledge of medicine, is a breach of medical ethics; yet health professionals are participating in such executions," Welsh stated. "Professional bodies have recently spoken strongly about this abuse of ethics."
Amnesty reports that 1,000 people have been executed by lethal injection globally since 1982.
(Amnesty International Press Release, "World: Medical professionals break ethical oath with lethal injection, October 4, 2007).
USA: Another 'botched' execution underscores call to abolish death penalty
Last night's "botched" execution in Oklahoma provides yet another stark reason why authorities across the USA should impose an immediate moratorium on the death penalty.
© AP GraphicsBank
Last night's "botched" execution in Oklahoma provides yet another stark reason why authorities across the USA should impose an immediate moratorium on judicial killing and work for abolition of this inescapably cruel punishment, Amnesty International said today.
Witnesses have described how the condemned man, Clayton Lockett, began to gasp and writhe after he had been declared unconscious and when the second and third drugs began to be administered. At that stage, about 16 minutes after the lethal injection process had begun, officials drew a curtain across the viewing window, preventing witnesses from seeing what was happening. Almost half an hour later, Clayton Lockett was pronounced dead of a heart attack. A second execution scheduled for the same evening, of Charles Warner, was stayed.
"What happened last night to Clayton Lockett is shocking in anyone's book. But this is far from the first 'botched execution' in the USA, whether by electrocution, asphyxiation, or lethal injection using the 'traditional' three-drug protocol," said Rob Freer, Amnesty International researcher on the USA, citing more than three dozen executions reported to have gone awry.
The sole US manufacturer of sodium thiopental, one of the drugs traditionally used in US lethal injections, withdrew from the market in early 2011 and the European Commission tightened its regulations on the trade of such substances for use in capital punishment. As a result, the USA's death penalty states have sought alternative sources for lethal injections drugs and have amended their execution protocols so as to be able to continue this state-sanctioned killing.
"If the sort of tenacity shown by authorities pursuing the death penalty were to be turned to bringing their country into line with the global abolitionist trend, then we would see rapid progress on this fundamental human rights issue in the USA," Rob Freer added.
"Instead, the ugly history of US executions has continued well into the 21st century even as country after country has stopped this practice."
Clayton Lockett and Charles Warner had unsuccessfully challenged an Oklahoma state law that blocks officials from revealing the identities of those involved in administering executions as well as of those who supply the drugs or equipment used.
"Time after time, we have seen how government secrecy can be the enemy of respect for human rights. But what also must not be forgotten in all of this is that, even if executions go according to plan, the death penalty remains a deeply flawed exercise in state power. It is irrevocable in outcome, inconsistent and discriminatory in application, and incompatible with basic human rights principles," said Rob Freer.
As a number of states in the USA have abolished the death penalty in recent years, bringing the total to 18, Amnesty International renews its call on authorities across the country – whether at federal, state or local level – to seize the opportunity provided by the problems in sourcing lethal injection drugs to work against the death penalty, rather than trying to fix the unfixable.
Background
Since judicial killing in the USA resumed on 17 January 1977, US executioners have killed nearly 1,400 men and women – 90 per cent through lethal injections. Other methods used have been gas, hanging, electricity and firing squad.
Until around 2010, most of the USA's death penalty states employed three-drug lethal injection protocols. Since the sole US manufacturer of sodium thiopental, one of the drugs used in this combination, suspended production, and in early 2011 withdrew from the market altogether, the USA's death penalty states have turned to each other, to domestic "compounding pharmacies" (used in the USA to meet prescription needs of individual patients), to sources overseas, and to the federal government, to seek solutions.
In November 2010, it was first learned that a small company based in London in the UK had supplied sodium thiopental to the state of Arizona where it was used to execute Jeffery Landrigan on 26 October. Amnesty International and Reprieve called on the UK government to prohibit the export of the drug from the UK where it was for use in executions.
Amnesty International worked with a coalition of non-governmental organizations to call on the European Commission to amend regulations on the international trade in certain equipment to include drugs used in the lethal injection protocol and to introduce a "torture-death penalty end use clause", to enable EU states to refuse export licenses for items that clearly have no practical use other than for the purposes of capital punishment; or where there are reasonable grounds to believe that such items would be used for the purposes of capital punishment.
In 2013 the US states of Arkansas, California, Florida, Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina and Ohio amended their executions procedures to include a one-drug protocol and/or allow to change the chemicals used in the executions.
Amnesty International opposes the death penalty in all cases without exception regardless of the nature or circumstances of the crime, the culpability of the condemned, or the method chosen by the state to carry out the execution.
Iran must halt execution of prisoner who 'survived hanging'
The election of President Rouhani has not led to changes in Iran's reliance on the death penalty
© Kaveh Kazemi/Getty Images
Iran must stop the execution of man who was found alive at a morgue a day after being hanged, Amnesty International urged today after authorities said the prisoner would be hanged for a second time once his condition improves.
The 37-year-old, identified as "Alireza M", was hanged in Bojnourd prison in north-east Iran last week after being convicted of drug offences.
According to official state media, a doctor declared him dead after the 12 minute-hanging, but when the prisoner's family went to collect his body the following day he was found to still be breathing.
He is currently in hospital, but a judge reportedly said he would be executed again "once medical staff confirm his health condition is good enough".
"The horrific prospect of this man facing a second hanging, after having gone through the whole ordeal already once, merely underlines the cruelty and inhumanity of the death penalty," said Philip Luther, Director of Amnesty International's Middle East and North Africa Programme.
"The Iranian authorities must immediately halt Alireza M's execution and issue a moratorium on all others."
Alireza M is now reported to be in a "satisfactory" condition in hospital, and a family member reportedly said the prisoner's two daughters were "the happiest of all" that he was alive.
He had reportedly been sentenced to death for drug trafficking by the Revolutionary Court, which tries drug offenders in Iran in proceedings that often do not meet international standards of fair trial.
So far in 2013, the Iranian authorities are believed to have executed a total of at least 508 people, including 221 executions that have not been officially confirmed.
The majority of those executed were convicted of drug offences.
"It is natural that the Iranian authorities must combat the serious social, security and economic problems relating to drug trafficking and drug abuse but the reliance on the death penalty to combat drug trafficking is misguided and in violation of international law," said Philip Luther.
"People want to be protected from crime, but the death penalty does not make societies safer."
Even the Secretary General of the Iranian Judiciary's High Council for Human Rights, Mohammad Javad Larijani, expressed doubts in 2011 that the death penalty reduces crimes related to drug trafficking.
"Carrying out a second execution on a man who somehow managed to survive 12 minutes of hanging – who was certified as dead and whose body was about to be turned over to his family – is simply ghastly. It betrays a basic lack of humanity that sadly underpins much of Iran's justice system," said Philip Luther
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